# Works Overview

Works are scholarly documents like journal articles, books, datasets, and theses. OpenAlex indexes hundreds of millions of works.

## Field meanings

What each field on a work *means*, its type, and how it's structured are documented in the canonical [Work object field dictionary](/docs/work-fields/). This page covers the endpoint *mechanics*: which fields you can filter, sort, and group on, and the query syntax.

The most-used fields, at a glance (full definitions and the complete field list are in the [dictionary](/docs/work-fields/)):

| Field | Type | Meaning |
|-------|------|---------|
| [`id`](/docs/work-fields/#id) | String | The work's OpenAlex ID |
| [`doi`](/docs/work-fields/#doi) | String | The work's DOI (canonical external ID) |
| [`title`](/docs/work-fields/#title) | String | The work's title (= `display_name`) |
| [`type`](/docs/work-fields/#type) | String | Work type — see [Work types](/docs/work-types/) |
| [`publication_year`](/docs/work-fields/#publication_year) | Integer | Year of publication |
| [`authorships`](/docs/work-fields/#authorships) | List | Authors + their institutions (first 100) |
| [`primary_location`](/docs/work-fields/#primary_location) | Object | Best (version-of-record) copy's location |
| [`locations`](/docs/work-fields/#locations) | List | All places the work lives |
| [`open_access`](/docs/work-fields/#open_access) | Object | `is_oa`, `oa_status`, `oa_url` |
| [`primary_topic`](/docs/work-fields/#primary_topic) | Object | Top-ranked topic |
| [`cited_by_count`](/docs/work-fields/#cited_by_count) | Integer | How many works cite this one |
| [`referenced_works`](/docs/work-fields/#referenced_works) | List | Works this one cites |
| [`fwci`](/docs/work-fields/#fwci) | Float | Field-Weighted Citation Impact |
| [`abstract_inverted_index`](/docs/work-fields/#abstract_inverted_index) | Object | Abstract as an inverted index |
| [`is_retracted`](/docs/work-fields/#is_retracted) | Boolean | Whether the work is retracted |

## Filter, sort, and group_by fields

The API supports filtering, sorting, and grouping on works fields. See [Filtering](/api/filtering/), [Sorting](/api/sorting/), and [Grouping](/api/grouping/) for syntax.

Fields marked **(deprecated)** are `.search` filters — use the [`search` parameter](/api/searching/) instead.

### Top-level

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `authors_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_open_version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `cited_by` |  |  | ✓ |
| `cited_by_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `cites` |  |  | ✓ |
| `concepts_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `corresponding_author_ids` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `corresponding_institution_ids` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `countries_distinct_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `created_date` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `datasets` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `display_name` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `doi` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `doi_starts_with` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `from_created_date` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `from_publication_date` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `fulltext_origin` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `fwci` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `has_abstract` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_doi` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_embeddings` |  |  | ✓ |
| `has_fulltext` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_oa_accepted_or_published_version` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_oa_submitted_version` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_old_authors` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_orcid` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_pdf_url` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_pmcid` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_pmid` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_raw_affiliation_strings` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_references` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `indexed_in` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institutions_distinct_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `is_corresponding` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `is_oa` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `is_paratext` _(deprecated — use `type:paratext`)_ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `is_retracted` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `is_xpac` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `journal` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `language` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `mag` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `mag_only` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `oa_status` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `openalex` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `openalex_id` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `pmcid` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `pmid` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `publication_date` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `publication_year` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `raw_affiliation_strings` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `referenced_works` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `referenced_works_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `related_to` |  |  | ✓ |
| `repository` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `to_created_date` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `to_publication_date` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `to_updated_date` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `topics_count` |  |  | ✓ |
| `type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `updated_date` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Abstract

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `abstract.search` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |
| `abstract.search.no_stem` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |

### Apc List

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `apc_list.currency` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `apc_list.provenance` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `apc_list.value` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `apc_list.value_usd` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Apc Paid

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `apc_paid.currency` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `apc_paid.provenance` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `apc_paid.value` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `apc_paid.value_usd` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Author

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `author.id` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `author.orcid` |  | ✓ | ✓ |

### Authorships

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `authorships.affiliations.institution_ids` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.author.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.author.orcid` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.countries` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.institutions.continent` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.institutions.country_code` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.institutions.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.institutions.is_global_south` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.institutions.lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.institutions.ror` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.institutions.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `authorships.is_corresponding` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Awards

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `awards.doi` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `awards.funder_award_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `awards.funder_display_name` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `awards.funder_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `awards.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Best Oa Location

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `best_oa_location.is_accepted` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.is_published` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.landing_page_url` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.license` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.license_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.raw_type` |  |  | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.source.host_organization` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.source.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.source.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.source.issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.source.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `best_oa_location.version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Biblio

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `biblio.first_page` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `biblio.issue` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `biblio.last_page` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `biblio.volume` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Citation Normalized Percentile

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `citation_normalized_percentile.value` | ✓ |  | ✓ |

### Cited By Percentile Year

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `cited_by_percentile_year.max` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `cited_by_percentile_year.min` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Concept

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `concept.id` |  | ✓ | ✓ |

### Concepts

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `concepts.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `concepts.wikidata` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Default

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `default.search` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |

### Display Name

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `display_name.search` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |
| `display_name.search.no_stem` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |

### Fulltext

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `fulltext.search` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |

### Funders

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `funders.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Has Content

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `has_content.grobid_xml` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `has_content.pdf` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Ids

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `ids.mag` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `ids.openalex` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `ids.pmcid` | ✓ |  | ✓ |
| `ids.pmid` | ✓ |  | ✓ |

### Institution

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `institution.id` |  | ✓ | ✓ |

### Institution Assertions

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `institution_assertions.country_code` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institution_assertions.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institution_assertions.lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institution_assertions.ror` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institution_assertions.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Institutions

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `institutions.continent` |  | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institutions.country_code` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institutions.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institutions.is_global_south` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institutions.ror` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `institutions.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Keyword

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `keyword.search` **(deprecated)** | ✓ |  | ✓ |

### Keywords

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `keywords.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Locations

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `locations.is_accepted` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.is_published` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.landing_page_url` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.license` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.license_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.raw_type` |  |  | ✓ |
| `locations.source.has_issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.host_institution_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.host_organization` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.host_organization_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.is_core` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.is_in_doaj` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.publisher_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.source.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `locations.version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Open Access

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `open_access.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `open_access.oa_status` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Primary Location

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `primary_location.is_accepted` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.is_published` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.landing_page_url` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.license` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.license_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.raw_type` |  |  | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.has_issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.host_institution_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.host_organization` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.is_core` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.is_in_doaj` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.publisher_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.source.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_location.version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Primary Topic

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `primary_topic.domain.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_topic.field.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_topic.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `primary_topic.subfield.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

### Raw Affiliation Strings

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `raw_affiliation_strings.search` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |

### Raw Author Name

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `raw_author_name.search` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |

### Semantic

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `semantic.search` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |

### Sustainable Development Goals

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `sustainable_development_goals.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `sustainable_development_goals.score` | ✓ |  | ✓ |

### Title

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `title.search` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |
| `title.search.no_stem` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |

### Title And Abstract

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `title_and_abstract.search` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |
| `title_and_abstract.search.no_stem` **(deprecated)** |  |  | ✓ |

### Topics

| Field | Sort | Group_by | Filter |
|-------|:----:|:--------:|:------:|
| `topics.domain.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `topics.field.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `topics.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| `topics.subfield.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |